Psychopharmacology/Drugs & Behavior

Answer the following question in a well-constructed, comprehensive, and TYPED essay. You may use your textbook, Internet, and library resources in formulating your answer. One resource that will be critical for answering portions of this essay is a video from the Bill Moyers series on addiction called “Close to Home”. The segment is Episode 1: Portrait of Addiction. You will need to watch the video to answer this essay successfully.

I have placed a copy of the video on the BlackBoard Site for the class. You can also buy a digital copy from Amazon for $2.99, if you prefer: http://www.amazon.com/Portrait-of-Addiction/dp/B009R7LOLG.

• Due Date: The day of the exam by 11:59PM (No exceptions)! Grades are due! Answers can be submitted as a paper copy or via e-mail. *****

Answer the question “What is Addiction?” in a well-constructed, comprehensive, and TYPED essay. You may use your textbook, Internet, and library resources in formulating your answer, and must use specific examples from the video to answer part b. The question can be answered in 3 double-spaced typewritten pages or so and is worth 20 points.

Specifically, please address ALL of the following issues.

a. Consider typical definitions of addiction and the common characteristics of each (I have appended a series of definitions, courtesy of Google). What are the critical dimensions used to define addiction? What is the role of psychological and physical dependence in defining addiction?

b. Consider the consequences of addiction within the framework provided by the Addiction Severity Index (ASI), a commonly used measure of addiction. The ASI considers addiction not just as extensive drug use, but also in terms of consequences along five critical dimensions:

• Medical Issues

• Legal Issues

• Employment Issues

• Social/Family Issues

• Psychosocial Functioning Issues

Provide specific examples for each of these issues from the video Portrait of Addiction from the Bill Moyers series on addiction called “Close to Home”. Use these profiles to illustrate the complexity of the disease.

c. Consider characteristics of the drug itself. What do you mean by the question, “What is the most addictive drug”? Is it the likelihood of producing physical or psychological dependence? Is it the likelihood (or rapidity) of producing compulsive use? Is the ratio of social (recreational) users versus addicts a critical one? What measure(s) do you think best identifies the “most addictive drug”? In short, what makes a drug addictive?

d. In your opinion, what is the most addictive drug? Justify your answer.

Definitions of Addiction (courtesy of Google, November 26, 2007)

• A chronic, relapsing disease characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and use and by neurochemical and molecular changes in the brain.www.tobaccofreeqc.org/youth/glossary.php

• A physiological and psychological compulsion for a habit-forming substance. In extreme cases, an addiction may become an overwhelming obsession.www.personalinjuryfyi.com/glossary.html

• Uncontrollable craving, seeking, and use of a substance such as a drug or alcohol. www.stjude.org/glossary

• Addiction is a primary, chronic, neurobiologic disease, with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. It is characterized by behaviors that include one or more of the following: impaired control over drug use, compulsive use, continued use despite harm, and craving. www.aapa.org/clinissues/pain/key-def.html

• A term referring to compulsive drug use, psychological dependence, and continuing use despite harm. Addiction is frequently and incorrectly equated with physical dependence and withdrawal. Physical dependence, not addiction, is an expected result of opioid use. www.aarpsegundajuventud.com/english/health/2003-nov/glossary.htm

• a state of being dependent on a certain substance, which is harmful or dangerous for the physical or mental health of the person, for his social well-being and economical functioning of the subject library.thinkquest.org/C0115926/glosary.htm

• a disease, influenced by genetic, psychological, social, and environmental factors, that changes the normal way the nervous system works. www.duragesic.com/html/dur/patient_glossary_index.jsp;jsessionid=VPIH4WB5P5HUGCQPCCEDC0YKB...

• Psychological or emotional dependence on the effects of a drug. www.pbs.org/secondopinion/episodes/chronicpain/medicalglossary/story425.html

• A behavioral syndrome characterized by the repeated, compulsive seeking or use of a substance despite adverse social, psychological, and/or physical consequences, and a need for an increased amount of the substance, as time goes on, to achieve the same effect. www.naabt.org/glossary.cfm

• drug-seeking behaviour that occurs after the drug is no longer needed. Contrary to popular belief, this is not a problem if drugs are given for pain. pediatric-pain.ca/mclp/mclpm-te.html

• A compulsive physiological need for a drug. ojjdp.ncjrs.org/PUBS/drugid/glossary.html

• A compulsive physiological craving for a habit-forming substance, addiction is a chronic and progressive disease usually characterized by physiological symptoms upon withdrawal. The term "dependence" is often used synonymously to avoid the pejorative connotations of addiction. wind.uwyo.edu/sig/definition.asp

• implies that a drug dependency has developed to such an extent that it has serious detrimental effects on the user (referred to as an addict). They may be chronically intoxicated, have great difficulty stopping the drug use, and be determined to obtain the drug by almost any means. https://www.drugscope.co.uk/DS%20Media%20Project/media_terms.htm

• An illness in which a person seeks and consumes a substance, such as alcohol, tobacco or a drug, despite the fact that it causes harm. www.nationalpainfoundation.org/MyTreatment/MayoClinic_glossary.asp

• any habitual use of a substance which leads to psychological and/or physiological dependence. As defined by the World Health Organization, it is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by the repeated consumption of a drug (natural or synthetic), which produces the following. www.asisonline.org/library/glossary/a.xml
• A behavioural pattern characterized by compulsion, loss of control, and continued repetition of a behaviour or activity spite of adverse consequenses.www.mherc.mb.ca/gloss.html

• dependence on a substance (such as alcohol or other drugs) or an activity, to the point that stopping is very difficult and causes severe physical and mental reactions www.hsc.wvu.edu/som/cmed/alcohol/glossary.htm

• A strong dependence on a drug. www.ehealthmd.com/library/smoking/SMO_glossary.html

• The result of abuse and a stage in which you are no longer able to live without the drug www.tqnyc.org/NYC063517/glossary.html

• The behavioral pattern of continued use of the drug without actually needing it for beneficial purposes. www.mentalhealthinkids.wisc.edu/pharm/012ph.html

• A neurobehavioral syndrome with genetic and environmental influences that results in psychological dependence on the use of substances for their psychic effects and is characterized by compulsive use despite harm. www.painclinic.org/aboutpain-introduction.htm

• Loss of control over drug use or the compulsive seeking and taking of drug despite adverse consequences. www3.utsouthwestern.edu/molpsych/Gloss_01.htm

• Dependence on a chemical substance to the extent that a physiological and/or strong psychological need is established. www.snowdenmentalhealth.com/glossary.mgi

• The condition of being habitually or compulsively occupied with or or involved in something. Read about addiction in Wikipedia Addictionwww.treatmentsolutions411.com/dictionary.aspx

• A disease process characterized by the continued use of a specific psychoactive substance despite physical, psychological or social harm. www.uphs.upenn.edu/addiction/berman/glossary/

• Addiction is a chronic or recurrent condition proposed to be precipitated by one or more of the following: genetic, biological/pharmacological and social factors. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction

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